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Antenna in Package, AiP

As FCC allocating higher frequency bands for 5G, it is expected that 6G will be sub Terahertz frequency bands starting at 125GHz.

At these frequencies the wavelength is so small and Ohmic losses are so high per unit length that it makes sense to integrate Antenna in Package, AiP, or even Antenna integrated with Front End Module silicon.

Therefore, 6G Technology will be about radio front end which is integrated within semiconductor technology.

Semiconductor technology and its capabilities will be centered and complete communication systems will be in order of 2ā€x2ā€ at the most if not smaller.

Partner with ORTENGA in your next generation Antenna design and development.

 

Emerging 6G Technologies

There are many articles about what 6G brings and enable for Terrestrial communications.

Here are some of obvious changes which you should expect.

  1. mmW frequencies reduce the component size
  2. hence, mmW frequencies enable more integrations
  3. off chip passive components can be integrated onto the chip or at least onto the package
  4. Passive components, e.g., Antenna, Filter, Transmission Line, Stub, Coupler, etc.
  5. Active components would be much more sophisticated
  6. Active components, e.g., ADC and DAC
  7. ADC and DAC would be broadband using interleaving technology
  8. Broadband ADC and DAC would enable SDR architecture

Businesses which plan according with vision for the future market, end up winning new market.

Partner with ORTENGA to define your new product line.

 

Cellular Architecture will be Replaced with Cell Free Architecture in 6G

Wireless Cellular Network has expanded over the past two decades exponentially and enabled global populations in all contents with access to online access to internet and more importantly to each other.

The impact is significant by any measured metrics from technical to social and economic evolution.

You could post a picture online for your loved ones across the glob and they can enjoy that picture in only seconds from the moment you took that picture.

You even can share movie of your birthday, wedding, and anything that is important to you to virtually share that moment with the same wireless cellular network.

All that technical infrastructure built over the past two decades are about to go through another major technical wireless evolution.

To better understand the need for another major shift in the wireless infrastructure, we need to understand the existing wireless cellular network based on providing some minimum quality of service and throughput for anyone in the network.

Although that was significant major improvement compared to legacy wired infrastructure, that would not be competitive for future markets.

6G market would require much better datarate and quality of service to address AI, XR, and interpersonal connectivity.

To learn more about Cell Free Architecture follow Professor Emil Bjornson who is the pioneer in that area.

ORTENGA works with client and stakeholders to identify goals and deliverables of the project.

ORTENGAĀ helps businesses to identify required technical features to realize their business goals.

PartnerĀ ORTENGAĀ in your next product concept, design, and development to realize that business goal.

ORTENGAĀ has seasoned engineering fromĀ Autonomous Automotive,Ā SATCOM,Ā radar,Ā Smart City,Ā WiFi,Ā and Mobile Terrestrial Radio Communications System industries inĀ Antenna,Ā ASIC,Ā Algorithm, HW, FW, and SW engineering disciplines.

 

Rayleigh vs. Rician Fading

Terrestrial Radio Link analysis consists of Line of Sight, Large Scale fading, Small Scale fading depending on the frequency, and Atmospheric Loss.

Large Scale Fading

Large scale fadingĀ refers to environment where the radio signal bounces of objects that are ā€œmuch largerā€ than operating wavelength.

Large Scale fadingĀ is deterministic and itā€™s part of the Radio Link Budget Analysis.

Small Scale Fading

Small scale fadingĀ  refers to fadingĀ  environment where the radio signal bounces of objects that are ā€œsmallerā€ than operating wavelength.

Small Scale fadingĀ Ā is random in nature, yet it can be introduced in the Radio Link Budget via Fade Margin.Ā  The fade margin represents the level of robustness for the Radio Link.

Small scale fadingĀ  is typically modeled either by Rayleigh or Rician probability distribution function profile.

The radio signal is modulated by fading profile.

Rayleigh model reflects a channel with many multipath between transmitter and receiver which occurs in many Terrestrial radio applications, such as Cellular, i.e. 4G/5G, and WiFi, i.e. 802.11.

The probability distribution function describes the probability of occurrence as a function of radio signal envelope.Ā  The larger number of multipath between the transmitter and the receiver, the more spread the envelope radio signal envelope profile.

Rician model reflects a channel with one dominant, aka specular, path between the transmitter and the receiver.Ā  Obviously, the radio signal envelope for dominant path occurs with higher or distinct probability with respect to other multipath.

Rician model approaches Rayleigh probability density function as the dominant path becomes less and less in reflecting signal strength, therefore less pronounced.

In the case of 5G and WiFi applications, appropriate large and small scaleĀ fadingĀ  terms must be included in the Radio Link Budget for robust radio design.

Partner with ORTENGA to analyze the Link Budget for your radio application and down select vendor/component for the design of new project.